The Roman Empire
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753 BC: Rome was founded1.
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509 BC: Overthrow of the Roman monarchy and establishment of the Roman Republic1.
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27 BC: Octavian is crowned Rome’s first emperor, Augustus, marking the end of the Roman Republic and the beginning of the Roman Empire2.
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AD 14: Augustus dies and is succeeded by Tiberius2.
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AD 64: The Great Fire of Rome occurs during Nero’s reign2.
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AD 312: Constantine converts to Christianity after the Battle of Milvian Bridge2.
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AD 395: The Roman Empire is permanently divided into the Eastern and Western Empires2.
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AD 476: Romulus Augustulus, the last Western Roman Emperor, is deposed, marking the end of the Western Roman Empire2
Sources :
1: Timeline of Roman history - Wikipedia
2: Roman Empire | Definition, History, Time Period, Map, & Facts | Britannica
The Byzantine Empire
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330 AD: Constantinople is founded by Emperor Constantine.
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395 AD: The Roman Empire is permanently divided into the Eastern and Western Empires.
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527 AD: Justinian I becomes Emperor and ushers in a period of expansion and architectural achievements, including the construction of the Hagia Sophia.
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1054 AD: The Great Schism between the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic Churches occurs.
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1071 AD: The Byzantine army is defeated by the Seljuk Turks at the Battle of Manzikert, leading to the loss of much of Asia Minor.
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1204 AD: Constantinople is sacked by Crusaders during the Fourth Crusade.
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1453 AD: Constantinople falls to the Ottoman Turks, marking the end of the Byzantine Empire.
Sources :
1: Byzantine Empire Timeline (medievalchronicles.com)
2: Byzantine Empire Timeline - World History Encyclopedia
The Islamic Era
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570 AD: Muhammad (PBUH) is born in Mecca.
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610 AD: Muhammad (PBUH) receives his first revelation on Mount Hira.
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622 AD: Muhammad (PBUH) undertakes the Hegira (Hijra), the migration from Mecca to Medina, establishing the start of the Islamic calendar.
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630 AD: Non-violent conquest of Mecca by Muhammad’s(PBUH) forces.
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632 AD: Muhammad (PBUH) dies in Medina, not clearly naming a successor to lead the Muslim people.
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632-661 AD: The Rashidun Caliphate is established, with Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali serving as the first four caliphs.
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661-750 AD: The Umayyad Caliphate is established, with its capital in Damascus.
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750-1258 AD: The Abbasid Caliphate is established, with its capital in Baghdad.
Sources :
1: Islam Timeline - World History Encyclopedia
2: Timeline of Islamic history - Wikipedia
The Ottoman Empire
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1299: Osman I founded the Ottoman Empire.
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1453: Mehmed II captures Constantinople, putting an end to the Byzantine Empire.
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1517: Ottomans conquer Egypt, bringing it into the empire.
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1520-1566: Suleiman the Magnificent becomes ruler of the Ottoman Empire and expands its territory and influence.
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1683: The second Siege of Vienna. The Ottomans are defeated by a coalition of European forces and begin to lose their power and lands.
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1914-1918: The Ottoman Empire joins the Central Powers in World War I and suffers heavy losses and defeats.
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1922: The Ottoman Empire is abolished and replaced by the Republic of Turkey.
Sources :
1: Ottoman Empire | Timeline | Britannica
2: Timeline of the Ottoman Empire - Wikipedia
The Medieval Ages And Romanesque Architecture
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476: Fall of Rome.
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481: Rise of Franks.
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732: Islam vs Christianity.
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800: Charlemagne is Holy Roman Emperor.
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835: Beginning of the Viking attacks.
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871: Alfred The Great becomes King of England.
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962: Otto The Great becomes the Holy Roman Emperor.
Sources :
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1000: Romanesque architecture emerged .
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1075-1125: Romanesque architecture was at its height in France, Italy, Britain, and the German lands .
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1150: Romanesque architecture evolved into Gothic .
Sources :
1: Romanesque architecture | History, Characteristics, & Facts | Britannica
Gothic Era
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1066: Battle of Hastings
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1093: Construction begins on Durham Cathedral2
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1096: Beginning of Crusades
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1122: Suger, Abbot of St. Denis
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1194: Great Fire of Chartres
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1220: Construction begins on Salisbury Cathedral
Sources :