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The Roman Empire 

  • 753 BC: Rome was founded1.

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  • 509 BC: Overthrow of the Roman monarchy and establishment of the Roman Republic1.

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  • 27 BC: Octavian is crowned Rome’s first emperor, Augustus, marking the end of the Roman Republic and the beginning of the Roman Empire2.

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  • AD 14: Augustus dies and is succeeded by Tiberius2.

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  • AD 64: The Great Fire of Rome occurs during Nero’s reign2.

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  • AD 312: Constantine converts to Christianity after the Battle of Milvian Bridge2.

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  • AD 395: The Roman Empire is permanently divided into the Eastern and Western Empires2.

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  • AD 476: Romulus Augustulus, the last Western Roman Emperor, is deposed, marking the end of the Western Roman Empire2

Sources : 

1: Timeline of Roman history - Wikipedia

2: Roman Empire | Definition, History, Time Period, Map, & Facts | Britannica

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The Byzantine Empire 

  • 330 AD: Constantinople is founded by Emperor Constantine.

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  • 395 AD: The Roman Empire is permanently divided into the Eastern and Western Empires.

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  • 527 AD: Justinian I becomes Emperor and ushers in a period of expansion and architectural achievements, including the construction of the Hagia Sophia.

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  • 1054 AD: The Great Schism between the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic Churches occurs.

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  • 1071 AD: The Byzantine army is defeated by the Seljuk Turks at the Battle of Manzikert, leading to the loss of much of Asia Minor.

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  • 1204 AD: Constantinople is sacked by Crusaders during the Fourth Crusade.

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  • 1453 AD: Constantinople falls to the Ottoman Turks, marking the end of the Byzantine Empire.

Sources : 

1: Byzantine Empire Timeline (medievalchronicles.com)

2: Byzantine Empire Timeline - World History Encyclopedia

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The Islamic Era 

  • 570 AD: Muhammad (PBUH) is born in Mecca.

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  • 610 AD: Muhammad (PBUH) receives his first revelation on Mount Hira.

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  • 622 AD: Muhammad (PBUH) undertakes the Hegira (Hijra), the migration from Mecca to Medina, establishing the start of the Islamic calendar.

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  • 630 AD: Non-violent conquest of Mecca by Muhammad’s(PBUH) forces.

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  • 632 AD: Muhammad (PBUH) dies in Medina, not clearly naming a successor to lead the Muslim people.

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  • 632-661 AD: The Rashidun Caliphate is established, with Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali serving as the first four caliphs.

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  • 661-750 AD: The Umayyad Caliphate is established, with its capital in Damascus.

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  • 750-1258 AD: The Abbasid Caliphate is established, with its capital in Baghdad.

Sources : 

1: Islam Timeline - World History Encyclopedia

2: Timeline of Islamic history - Wikipedia

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The Ottoman Empire

  • 1299: Osman I founded the Ottoman Empire.

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  • 1453: Mehmed II captures Constantinople, putting an end to the Byzantine Empire.

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  • 1517: Ottomans conquer Egypt, bringing it into the empire.

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  • 1520-1566: Suleiman the Magnificent becomes ruler of the Ottoman Empire and expands its territory and influence.

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  • 1683: The second Siege of Vienna. The Ottomans are defeated by a coalition of European forces and begin to lose their power and lands.

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  • 1914-1918: The Ottoman Empire joins the Central Powers in World War I and suffers heavy losses and defeats.

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  • 1922: The Ottoman Empire is abolished and replaced by the Republic of Turkey.

Sources : 

1: Ottoman Empire | Timeline | Britannica

2: Timeline of the Ottoman Empire - Wikipedia

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The Medieval Ages And Romanesque Architecture

  • 476: Fall of Rome.

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  • 481: Rise of Franks.

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  • 732: Islam vs Christianity.

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  • 800: Charlemagne is Holy Roman Emperor.

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  • 835: Beginning of the Viking attacks.

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  • 871: Alfred The Great becomes King of England.

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  • 962: Otto The Great becomes the Holy Roman Emperor.

Sources : 

1: Middle Ages - Definition, Timeline & Facts | HISTORY

  • 1000: Romanesque architecture emerged .

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  • 1075-1125: Romanesque architecture was at its height in France, Italy, Britain, and the German lands .

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  • 1150: Romanesque architecture evolved into Gothic .

Sources : 

1: Romanesque architecture | History, Characteristics, & Facts | Britannica

Gothic Era

  • 1066: Battle of Hastings

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  • 1093: Construction begins on Durham Cathedral2

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  • 1096: Beginning of Crusades

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  • 1122: Suger, Abbot of St. Denis​

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  • 1194: Great Fire of Chartres

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  • 1220: Construction begins on Salisbury Cathedral

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Sources : 

1: Timeline Of Gothic Architecture | Preceden

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